Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a platform technology for large-scale vegetative propagation of woody plants. It reduces dependence on seed supply, enables rapid multiplication of selected genotypes, and offers a direct route to translate genetic gain into operational forestry and perennial crop production. SE can be coupled with genomic selection and emerging genomic and epigenetic approaches, but routine deployment still depends on robust, cost-efficient, and highly reproducible protocols. This chapter reviews progress and remaining constraints across the SE pipeline, from initiation and proliferation to maturation, germination, conversion, and acclimatization. We highlight biological and methodological advances, including improved use of plant growth regulators, epigenetic regulators, and pathway-targeting small molecules, alongside maturation and conversion regimes that enhance plant quality. Process engineering solutions enabling scale-up—such as liquid culture systems, bioreactors, automation, and in-process quality control are discussed together with the role of reliable cryostorage in maintaining embryogenic competence and ensuring production continuity. Finally, the chapter addresses deployment considerations for clonal forestry, focusing on how to balance utilization of improved genotypes with maintenance of genetic diversity and environmental resilience. Case studies from commercial spruce and coffee programs illustrate key technical and organizational decisions that have enabled successful scaling in both Northern and Southern hemisphere contexts.
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