Somatic embryogenesis represents a useful system for the study of the process of embryogenesis as well as a convenient system for the clonal propagation of conifers. It consists of 5 steps: induction of embryogenic culture from somatic cells of zygotic embryos; proliferation, i.e. the development and multiplication of early somatic embryos; maturation, desiccation, and germination followed by embling´s development. Our study was focused on the morphology of somatic embryos, the viability of embryonal cells, and the changes in starch distribution in embryos during their development. We aimed our investigation at the development of surface cell layers on early embryos during proliferation and on embryos during maturation. We used light and confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM) as well as environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM).
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